Why an AI labor market index?

Because artificial intelligence is advancing rapidly and could have major consequences for the labor market. The tools keep getting better, but it takes time before firms adopt them and reorganize how work is done. The effect may therefore arrive gradually: first in which jobs are advertised, who gets hired, or which age groups grow more slowly. The AI Labor Market Index tracks such changes continuously, month by month.

AI Labor Market Index

What the number shows, and how it is calculated

The AI Labor Market Index shows whether job growth since Claude Code has been stronger or weaker in the occupations where AI can perform the most tasks, compared with the occupations where it can perform the fewest. A positive number means the most AI-exposed occupations have grown the most; a negative number means they have grown the least — an early warning that AI may be displacing jobs.

The calculation is employment growth in the most AI-exposed occupations minus growth in the least exposed: the average of the last three months against the average of the three months before Claude Code (November 2024–January 2025), the launch of agentic AI. The before and after sides are averaged over the same number of months. Adjustment, exposure measure and reference follow the selections below.

The index tracks employment in the Norwegian private sector using microdata.no, provided by Statistics Norway (SSB). Occupations are grouped by how exposed each occupation is to large language models (Eloundou et al. 2024) and by workers' age — a Norwegian parallel to Stanford Digital Economy Lab (DEL)'s Canaries Dashboard, built on register data for the entire population of private-sector wage earners.

Summary for the impatient reader

The index and figures 1–12 cover wage earners in the Norwegian private sector. The public sector is shown separately in figures 13–16. The points below follow the outcome, adjustment, exposure-measure and reference selections in the menu further down.

  • No job crisis in Norway: total private-sector employment is above its level in the three months before Claude Code, and the employment rate is roughly stable.
  • The AI Labor Market Index is roughly zero: since the three months before Claude Code, total employment in the most AI-exposed occupations has grown about as much as in the least exposed.
  • But there are important differences across age: among the youngest (21–30) in the most AI-exposed occupations, employment has fallen — both relative to young people in other occupations and relative to older workers in the same occupations.
  • Two mechanisms pull in opposite directions: in occupations where AI usage is most augmenting (AI assists the worker), employment has grown more than in other occupations, while growth has been weaker where usage is most automating (AI performs the task).
Index = 100 in February 2025 (launch of Claude Code, agentic AI)

1 · Employment by AI exposure

The figure shows whether jobs where AI can do the most evolve differently from the rest of the labor market. The 397 occupations (STYRK-08) with an exposure score from Eloundou et al. (2024) are split into five equal-sized groups, from quintile 1 (least exposed to language models) to quintile 5 (most exposed). The lines show each group's outcome — employment, new hires or FTE-adjusted average pay, depending on the selection above — indexed to 100 in February 2025. If a line lies below the others, that group has had weaker development since Claude Code arrived. The reference is the three months just before Claude Code, so the comparison is with the labor market as it was immediately before agentic AI. Select ChatGPT above to measure from 2022 instead. The exposure measure can be switched above: Eloundou et al. (2024) is the default, Mouchel et al. (2026) is an evidence-grounded alternative over the same 397 occupations.

2 · Age × AI exposure

If AI particularly affects those with the least work experience, the effects should show up first among the young in the most exposed occupations. Choose an age group and see the development by exposure quintile.

3 · Employment by age

The same set of occupations, grouped by workers' age. If AI first displaces those with the least experience, it is the youngest groups that are the “canaries in the coal mine”.

4 · Employment shares in November 2022

Each group's share of total employment in the sample in November 2022. Unlike the U.S. ADP panel, where two-thirds of employment sits in the two most exposed quintiles, Norwegian private-sector employment is fairly evenly distributed.

The shares refer to the Eloundou quintiles. The measure selector above applies to the headline figure and figures 1–2.

Occupation cases

Four occupations often raised in the discussion of AI and work: software developers and customer service reps (high exposure), electricians and home health aides (low exposure). Index by age group within the occupation. Other occupations can be chosen in figure 9.

5 · Software developers

STYRK-08 2512–2514 and 2519. About 26,000 employees in the private sector (ages 21–60) in November 2022. High AI exposure.

6 · Customer service reps

STYRK-08 4222 (call-centre employees). About 4,000 employees in the base month; the series for the oldest groups are based on few people and are volatile. High AI exposure.

7 · Electricians

STYRK-08 7411. A skilled trade with low AI exposure.

8 · Home health aides

STYRK-08 5322. About 9,000 employees in the private sector in the base month; the large municipal part of the occupation is not included. Low AI exposure.

9 · Pick your own occupations

Search for up to six occupations and compare them in one figure. All ages 21–60 combined, private sector. Outcome, adjustment, smoothing and reference follow the selections above. Occupations are four-digit STYRK-08 codes with Statistics Norway's English names; hover over a chip for the Norwegian name. Only occupations with at least 30 employees in every month since January 2021 are included, 358 in all.

The number in parentheses is the occupation's exposure quintile according to Eloundou et al. (2024), from Q1 (least exposed) to Q5 (most exposed). Small occupations (under 200 employees in November 2022) are marked, and their series are noisy. The composition of workers within an occupation can change over time. Three occupations lack an exposure score. New hires are not published by occupation. Source: the A-ordningen via microdata.no, Eloundou et al. (2024).

10 · Growth by AI usage

Occupations grouped by the share of the occupation's Claude requests that are automating (top) or augmenting (bottom), cf. figure 11 below. Employment, all ages combined; the adjustment follows the selection above. Source: Anthropic Economic Index (Handa et al. 2025).

11 · Employment by AI usage

The exposure measures are estimates of what language models can do. Here occupations are instead grouped by observed use of Claude (Anthropic Economic Index, Handa et al. 2025): the share of the occupation's requests that are automating (the model performs the task) or augmenting (the model assists). “No usage” is occupations below the query threshold.

12 · Shares by usage group

Each group's share of total employment at the normalization point, for the usage pattern selected above.

Public sector

Figures 1–12 cover the private sector. This section shows the same main cuts for wage earners in the public sector: general government and publicly owned enterprises, ages 21–60. Outcome, adjustment, smoothing and reference follow the selections above.

Read these figures with care. Occupations are split into the same five national exposure quintiles as in the private sector. But the occupations within each quintile are entirely different. Almost half of the most exposed quintile is policy and case administration professionals (STYRK-08 2422). Nearly two-thirds of the least exposed quintile is health care assistants (5321). More than a third of all employment sits in quintile 3, dominated by teachers and nurses (figure 16). Levels therefore cannot be compared directly with figures 1–3, and we do not compute an AI Labor Market Index for the public sector.

13 · Employment by AI exposure

14 · Age × AI exposure

Choose an age group and see the development by exposure quintile in the public sector.

15 · Employment by age

16 · Employment shares in November 2022

Each group's share of total public-sector employment in November 2022. Compare with figure 4: the distribution across quintiles is entirely different from the private sector.

The public sector is institutional sector codes 1110, 1120, 1510, 1520, 6100 and 6500 in the A-ordningen (general government and publicly owned enterprises). Source: the A-ordningen via microdata.no, Eloundou et al. (2024).

Method

The data source is the A-ordningen (employers' monthly reporting) via microdata.no: the entire population of wage earners in the Norwegian private sector, monthly from January 2021, in the age groups 21–30, 31–40, 41–50 and 51–60. Occupations are linked to AI exposure from Eloundou et al. (2024) and to observed Claude usage from Anthropic Economic Index. By default the series are shown seasonally adjusted and smoothed with a 6-month moving average; raw series, other smoothing and population-adjusted (per capita) variants can be chosen above. Expand the items below for full details.

Data source and scope

The A-ordningen is employers' monthly reporting of all employment relationships to the authorities; we use it via microdata.no, provided by SSB. The sample is all private-sector wage earners, ages 21–60. Figures 13–16 use the corresponding sample for the public sector. The reference period for each month is the week containing the 16th. The “Canaries sample” is the 397 STYRK-08 occupation codes that have an exposure score; it covers the large majority of private-sector employment.

AI exposure and usage groups

Each occupation (four-digit STYRK-08) is linked to the exposure measure “beta” from Eloundou et al. (2024, Science) via the occupation classifications ISCO-08 and SOC. Beta measures the share of an occupation's tasks that can be performed substantially faster with large language models and associated software. The quintiles are equally weighted per occupation (not employment-weighted), the same construction as in the DEL dashboard. The usage groups in figures 10–12 are instead based on observed use: the share of the occupation's Claude requests classified as automating or augmenting in the Anthropic Economic Index (Handa et al. 2025), grouped as in Brynjolfsson, Chandar and Chen (2025).

Exposure measures: Eloundou and Mouchel

From the 2026-09 release the exposure measure can be switched at the top of the page. The default is Eloundou et al. (2024), the task-based measure the index has used from the start. The alternative is the evidence-grounded measure from Mouchel et al. (2026), built on documented AI use. Both give equal-frequency quintiles over the same 397 occupations. The rank correlation between the measures is 0.94, and two-thirds of occupations fall in the same quintile. The selector applies to the headline figure and figures 1–2, for all three outcomes. The uncertainty band is bootstrapped separately for each measure. Figure 4, the occupation cases, AI usage, the occupation selector and the public sector use the Eloundou quintiles.

Outcomes: employment, new hires and pay

Employment is the number of wage earners in the group. New hires is the number of jobs with a registered start date in the window between the previous and current monthly reference date; the series is strongly seasonal, so a moving average or seasonally adjusted view is recommended. Pay is the group's average monthly cash pay, scaled up to full-time equivalent (FTE) using each occupation-age cell's average contracted hours — so a part-time position counts as its share of a full-time year and pay changes are not conflated with changes in working time; the pay series are nominal. All series are indexed to 100 in the reference month (February 2025, or November 2022 when ChatGPT is selected).

Seasonal adjustment

Norwegian labor market series have strong seasonal variation (among other things the January dip in the A-ordningen and the summer peak in new hires). The seasonal adjustment is a transparent X-11 core, computed separately for each series:

  1. The series is taken in logarithms, so the seasonal pattern is treated as multiplicative.
  2. The trend is estimated with a centered 2×12 moving average (13 months, half weight on the endpoints), which is seasonally free by construction.
  3. The seasonal factor for each calendar month is the average of the deviations from the trend for that month, normalized to sum to zero — the adjustment does not shift the level.
  4. The factors are estimated on January 2021–December 2024 and then frozen: new months do not change history (releases are stable vintages), and any AI effect after 2024 cannot leak into the seasonal factors and be adjusted away.

Built-in check: twelve-month changes compare the same calendar month and are seasonally free by construction; in the current release they are practically identical computed on raw and seasonally adjusted series (correlation 1.000).

Population adjustment (per capita)

The population grows differently across age groups, so pure headcount series mix labor-market changes with demographics: a group can have more employed simply because there are more people of that age. The per capita variants therefore divide the number employed by the resident population in the same age group (SSB table 07459, quarterly figures interpolated to month; for series covering all ages, the combined population aged 21–60 is used). The index then measures jobs per person — the employment rate — rather than the number of jobs. Example: young and old in combined headcount figures can look very different even when their employment rate develops the same way.

Smoothing

The smoothing is a trailing moving average over the last 3 or 6 months (not centered), computed in the browser. At the start of the series the available part of the window is used. The average therefore lags turning points in the unsmoothed series somewhat. The series are rescaled after smoothing, so the displayed series is exactly 100 in the reference month. The index is thus measured against the smoothed level up to the reference, not against a single month. Smoothing and seasonal adjustment can be combined freely; the default view is seasonally adjusted with a 6-month average.

Differences from the DEL dashboard

DEL uses a balanced panel of ~25,000 U.S. firms with ADP payroll data; we use the entire Norwegian population of private-sector wage earners without sample selection. Our age groups are decade groups (theirs are finer). The composition is very different: in the ADP panel 66 percent of employment sits in the two most exposed quintiles, in Norway about 40 percent. Aggregate cross-country comparisons must take this into account. DEL publishes only raw series; the seasonal and population adjustments are our additions, and our raw series reproduce their method exactly.

Revisability and releases

The A-ordningen can revise recent months. Each monthly data release is therefore archived as its own vintage and is not changed afterwards; the site always shows the latest release, and all earlier ones can be downloaded.

Pick your own occupations (figure 9)

Figure 9 draws on two long-format data packages with every four-digit STYRK-08 occupation in the private sector that has at least 30 employees (ages 21–60) in every month from January 2021, 358 occupations in all. Age groups are pooled, because age × occupation gives small and noisy cells. The series are employment and FTE-adjusted pay, raw and seasonally adjusted, indexed to 100 in the reference month. The per capita variant does not exist by occupation; it would rescale every series within an occupation by the same factor. New hires are not published by occupation, because small occupations have months with no hires. Occupations carry the same exposure quintile as in figure 1. English names are Statistics Norway's official English STYRK-08 names; the search matches English and Norwegian names and codes. The packages are listed under Download data.

Public sector (figures 13–16)

From the 2026-09 release the main cuts are also published for the public sector: general government and publicly owned enterprises (institutional sector codes 1110, 1120, 1510, 1520, 6100 and 6500), ages 21–60, for employment, new hires and pay. Occupations get the same national exposure quintile as in the private sector, and the seasonal adjustment is done the same way, series by series. The occupational mix within the quintiles is nevertheless very different between the sectors. Levels should therefore not be compared across sectors, and the AI Labor Market Index is computed for the private sector only. The public-sector packages are listed under Download data.

The AI Labor Market Index is produced by Øystein Hernæs (Frisch Centre) and Andreas R. Kostøl (BI Norwegian Business School). The research paper with a full methodological description and analysis is published as RFBerlin Discussion Paper 179/26 (PDF); see citation information. Contact: andreas.r.kostol@bi.no.

Team

The AI Labor Market Index is a collaboration between the Frisch Centre and BI Norwegian Business School.

Øystein Hernæs

Øystein Hernæs

Senior Researcher, Frisch Centre

Andreas R. Kostøl

Andreas R. Kostøl

Associate Professor, BI Norwegian Business School

Download data

All series can be downloaded as CSV, in the same format as the DEL dashboard's data packages (plus an adjustment column). Current release: . Each package contains the time series, twelve-month change, annualized growth and a data dictionary.

The data may be used freely with attribution to The AI Labor Market Index (kiindeksen.no), see citation information. Underlying sources: the A-ordningen via microdata.no, Eloundou et al. (2024), Anthropic Economic Index, SSB.

Cite the AI Labor Market Index

Figures and numbers may be used freely with attribution. Here is how to cite the dashboard and the research paper:

The dashboard

Hernæs, Øystein and Andreas R. Kostøl (2026). The AI Labor Market Index: Artificial Intelligence and the Norwegian Labor Market. https://kiindeksen.no. Retrieved .

BibTeX
@misc{kiindeksen2026,
  author       = {Hern{\ae}s, {\O}ystein and Kost{\o}l, Andreas R.},
  title        = {The AI Labor Market Index: Artificial Intelligence and the Norwegian Labor Market},
  year         = {2026},
  howpublished = {\url{https://kiindeksen.no}},
  note         = {Retrieved {{DATO}}}
}

The research paper

Hernæs, Øystein and Andreas Ravndal Kostøl (2026). “Has AI Widened Employment Gaps? Tracking Early-Career Employment by Occupational Exposure in Norway”. RFBerlin Discussion Paper 179/26. https://www.rfberlin.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/26179.pdf

BibTeX
@techreport{hernaeskostol2026ai,
  author      = {Hern{\ae}s, {\O}ystein and Kost{\o}l, Andreas Ravndal},
  title       = {Has AI Widened Employment Gaps? Tracking Early-Career Employment by Occupational Exposure in Norway},
  institution = {ROCKWOOL Foundation Berlin},
  type        = {RFBerlin Discussion Paper},
  number      = {179/26},
  year        = {2026},
  url         = {https://www.rfberlin.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/26179.pdf}
}